The word technology

comes from two Greek words, transliterated techne爱上海同城交友

and logos. Techne means art, skill, craft,

or the way, manner, or means by which a thing is gained上海新茶资源. Logos

means word, the utterance by which inward thought is

expressed, a saying, or an expression. So, literally,

technology means words or discourse about the way things

are gained.

Lately, technology

has come to mean something different. In one respect, the

term has come to mean something narrower -- the above

definition would admit art or politics as means of gain,

yet though those activities are permeated by technology

now, most of us would not consider them to be examples or

subsets of technology. In another respect, this

definition is too narrow, for when most of us speak of

technology today, we mean more than just discourse about

means of gain.

In this essay I will refer

to technology in five different senses. Following are

some working definitions.爱上海后花园

the technological

process

First, technology is the

rational process of creating means to order and

transform matter, energy, and information to realize certain

valued ends. The significance of this definition will

become clearer below.

technological objects

Second, technology is the

set of means (tools, devices, systems, methods,

procedures) created by the technological process.

Technological objects range from toothbrushes to

transportation systems.

technological knowledge

Third, technology is the

knowledge that makes the technological process possible.

It consists of the facts and procedures necessary to

order and manipulate matter, energy, and information, as

well as how to discover new means for such

transformations.

a technology

Fourth, a technology

is a subset of related technological objects and

knowledge. Computer technology and medical technology are爱上海419论坛

examples of technologies.

the technological system

Finally, technology is the

system consisting of the technological process,

technological objects, technological knowledge,

developers of technological objects, users of

technological objects, and the worldview (i.e., the

beliefs about things and the value of things that shape

how one views the world) that has emerged from and drives

the technological process. This is what Ellul referred to

as the technological system. In the remainder of this

article, I will use all five senses, but when I use the

term technology by itself, I mean the fifth and

most comprehensive sense.

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